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What Are the Prevalent Errors in The Use of English as A Second Language in Formal Contexts Within Daily Interactions?

Literature Review

Communication mistakes, which English language learners make, are considered primary challenges that conversation practitioners face during daily interactions (Nagendra, 2023).

In fact, such mistakes are mainly attributed to the language barrier, particularly as non-native speakers always struggle with vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation, and idiomatic expressions, which cause misunderstandings and misinterpretation (Mier & Blanco, 2022). This can convey false impressions, impacting the speakers’ confidence and ability to effectively express themselves (Thyab, 2023).

Cultural differences can also pose challenges for non-native English speakers, because contradicting values include special norms and communication styles, which can badly affect the oral message (Abdulla & Al-Azawi, 2024). This may provoke the speakers to offend others, driven by lack of confidence that stems from fear of making mistakes (Janathanan, 2023). This hinders effective communication and makes daily conversations anxious and disturbing, inducing the speakers to feel frustrated and embarrassed when they fail to clearly transmit their thoughts and leave an effectual personation (Mohammed, 2023).

In most daily conversations, students often encounter challenges that produce errors, arising from a variety of underlying factors, including lack of practice, lack of knowledge about grammar rules, and limited vocabulary that restricts the proper understanding (Dash, 2022). Speaking errors can slow down ordinary communication, making talking experience an annoying and arduous effort (Assunitan, 2023). One common speaking error that learners made is mispronouncing words, which hold varied accents (Jeong & Lee, 2023). This can affect comprehension and fluency as well (Zolkapli et al., 2024). In order to address such an important issue, it is crucial that learners practice the language and meet native speakers so that they can improve their pronunciation skills (Idrizi & Çeliku, 2024).

Grammar mistakes and sentence structure concerns are other serious points that deserve attention (Saddiqa et al., 2024). Learners often make grammar mistakes and find difficulties when forming correct sentence structures during conversations (Rami et al., 2022). Understanding basic grammar rules and practicing sentence construction can decrease such errors, generating confidence (Tran & Nguyen, 2022).

Despite the successive challenges they may face, non-native speakers remain dominant, since they can employ several strategies to improve their daily conversations (Arshad, 2023). One effective strategy is practicing active listening, which involves verbal and nonverbal cues (Monteza et al., 2024). This inspires non-native speakers to better understand the speech context and inherent meaning (Kim, 2023). Overcoming fear is pivotal (Para, 2022). Fear of making mistakes can contribute to speaking errors (Flores, 2023). Encouraging a supportive and non-judgmental environment can boost students' confidence and reduce errors, with persistence (Ahmedani et al., 2022). Embracing the growth mindset is also decisive (Azman et al., 2024). Through viewing errors as opportunities for learning and improvement, learners can achieve onward movements towards mastering speech competences (Perkasyah et al., 2023).

Emphasizing progress over perfection can motivate students to keep practicing and adjusting their speaking skills (Chandran et al., 2023). Engaging in conversational practice sessions and seeking guidance provided by teachers and language tutors can significantly enhance the current speaking abilities (Jalaluddin, 2023). Regular practice and feedback constantly identify and correct errors (Olobia, 2023).

In addition, analyzing and explaining the learners’ errors when speaking English are required, since they involve describing the root causes, comprehending pronunciation concepts and grammar rules, building confidence, as well as embracing the ideal mindset, which always seeks guidance (Faheem et al., 2023). By actively working on such critical areas, learners can improve their speaking skills and to also communicate effectively during conversations (Mekonnen et al., 2023).

As illustrated, when navigating the intricate landscape that English language learning holds, learners often encounter a myriad of challenges that can impede effective communication (Morita‐Mullaney et al., 2022). Understanding and clarifying the prevalent errors that accompany speaking English is significantly crucial in navigating the complexities, which distinguish the formal contexts (Alshehri et al., 2022).

One of the primary stumbling blocks that faces English language speakers is pronunciation (Li, 2023). The nuances and irregularities that dramatically illustrate English phonetics can perplex the most proficient learners, leading to false perceptions (Umama, 2022). Overcoming that thorny obstacle requires diligent practice and keen ears for phonetic patterns (Rivera & Villanueva, 2023).

Another common pitfall is the syntax misuse (Sikandar et al., 2023). English language speakers continually confront challenges represented in sentence structure, verb tense consistency, and subject-verb agreement, resulting in awkward phrasing (Zhang, 2023). Although mastering English syntax takes time and dedication, it is essential for conveying ideas clearly and concisely (Bayotas, 2023). Lexical labyrinth is another dilemma (Abdullah, 2023). Navigating English language vocabulary is actually a daunting task that worths paying attention (Moron & Velasco, 2023). Misusing and misinterpreting words can generate unintended meanings (Uchihara & Clenton, 2023). Developing communication skills and grasping common idioms, frequent collocations, and phrasal verbs are considered effective solutions to lexical gaps (Foung et al., 2022).

Beyond English language proficiency, understanding the cultural nuances that characterize English-speaking societies is appreciably essential for effective communication (Zhou, 2023). Non-verbal cues, idiomatic expressions, and social etiquette take an expressive role in conveying meaning and building rapport (Docallas, 2023). Failing to grasp those cultural subtleties is the shortest route to misunderstanding and misinterpretations (Ren, 2023).

One of the most common mistakes, which English language speakers face, is using the wrong verb tense (Shi, 2023). It is essential to consider whether the action is past, present, or future (Li & Zhang, 2023). Using the correct verb tense can make difference regarding message and connotations (Milton, 2022). Mispronouncing words can also worsen misunderstandings, particularly within the daily interactions (Triwibowo, 2023). It is vital that learners practice pronouncing words correctly in order to ensure clear communication (Mohamad & Hamid, 2022).

Lack of confidence is also problematic (Kim et al., 2022). It is notably principal that learners evaluate their unique abilities when conversing (Aubrey, 2022). Learners should also remember that making mistakes is considered an instinctive part that constitutes the learning process (Sukirlan et al., 2023). Filler words such as "like", “Well”, “I guess”, and "you know" can diminish the message and make the speaker’s self-image appear less confident (Talang-Rao, 2022). It is recommended that speakers pause instead and come across as more composed (Syarif & Farida, 2022).

Nonverbal cues such as facial expressions, gestures, and body language act an impressively crucial role in instilling communication alignment (Hao, 2022). Neglecting nonverbal communication can definitely cause false misconceptions, and therefore, it is required that speakers pay attention to their bodies’ language and expressions in order to ensure that their oral messages conform to the intended meanings (Masala, 2024). In an elaborate research, the results and recommendations drew 10 factors that mainly damage communication stability (Annam, 2023):