Unlocking the Potential of Nanoemulsions in Medical Applications: Fabrication, Features, Limitations, and Future Prospects

ABSTRACT

Nanoemulsions (NE), a state-of-the-art technology, have substantial ramifications across diverse domains,

specifically in medicine. This review provides an overview of current advancements in the fabrication, characteristics,

features, characterization, and medical applications of nanoemulsions. The synthesis of nanoemulsions entails the

fabrication of stable dispersions of nanoscale droplets in a continuous phase, predictably achieved through approaches

such as high-pressure homogenization, ultrasonication, or microfluidics. These techniques have progressed to produce

precise control over droplet size and distribution, admitting tailored formulations to meet specific application requirements.

Given the ability of NE to encapsulate a wide range of bioactive compounds (hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs), their

ability to control release, and their adaptability in terms of administration routes, NEs have great potential in the medical

field associated with drug delivery applications. Furthermore, their transparent appearance and low viscosity boost their

suitability for various pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. Characterization of nanoemulsions involves evaluating

parameters such as droplet size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential. Advanced techniques like dynamic light

scattering, electron microscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy contribute to a comprehensive

understanding of NE properties. However, NE face certain limitations, such as potential toxicity concerns associated with

the use of surfactants and the challenge of maintaining long-term stability. Overcoming these limitations is crucial for

maximizing the therapeutic potential of NE in medical applications. In conclusion, the recent innovations in NE present a

versatile platform with considerable potential for revolutionizing drug delivery and medical imaging. Ongoing research

endeavors strive to overcome these constraints and fully exploit the potential of NE in diverse medical contexts,

notwithstanding their inherited limitations.