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Inflation refers to a broad rise in the prices of goods and services across the economy over time, eroding purchasing power for both consumers and businesses1. In a healthy economy, annual inflation is typically in the range of two percentage points, which is what economists consider a signal of pricing stability1. And there can be positive effects of inflation when it’s within range: for instance, it can stimulate spending, and thus spur demand and productivity, when the economy is slowing down and needs a boost1.
However, when inflation begins to surpass wage growth, it can be a warning sign of a struggling economy1. Inflation affects consumers most directly, but businesses can also feel the impact. Households, or consumers, lose purchasing power when the prices of items they buy increase1. Companies lose purchasing power, and risk seeing their margins decline, when prices increase for inputs used in production1.
In countries where food represents a larger part of the inflation basket, rising prices force low-income consumers to tighten their belts - crimping spending on other goods and slowing economic growth2. Several emerging economies have taken action to keep inflation in check by raising interest rates, a measure that puts a further squeeze on consumers by raising
borrowing costs2